Long-Term Leases vs. One-Off Purchases: Game Analysis on Battery Swapping Mode Considering Cascade Utilization and Power Structure

The electric vehicle industry faces intense competition and the sustainability problem. In order to obtain a differential competitive advantage, enterprises actively promote battery swapping mode (BSM) respond cost pressures caused by mismatch between demand supply. Considering cascade utilization, Stackelberg game models of supply chain under three different scenarios, in secondary consisting manufacturer (BM) (VM), were constructed, respectively. Additionally, then, through contrastive analysis power structures, influence structures related parameters on optimal pricing strategy enterprise profits both parties studied compared. conclusions show that dominance determines profit level BSM. Compared with VMs, adoption BSM has provided BM greater growth. Secondly, number reserve batteries stations revenue utilization are essential factors affecting service (BSS), especially for VMs. addition, setting reasonable range BSS can achieve win–win situation manufacturers.